中国和俄罗斯在传统政治文化上既有共性也有差异性。国家崇拜、集体主义、道德至上等内容构成了两国政治文化的相似性，使得两国在转型进程中具备一些相同的特点和问题。同西方文化的关系和宗教对社会结构的不同影响，则构成了两国政治文化的主要差异——前者直接影响了两国对改革模式的选择，后者对提升两国内部“软实力”以推进社会转型的深入，将产生深远的影响。在新的历史时期，因为在传统政治文化上的共性和差异性，中俄两国都需要正视并合理利用传统政治文化中的一些固有因素，同时结合自身社会结构特点，构建适应时代发展的社会核心价值体系，推进转型向更深、更高层次发展。

As far as traditional political culture is concerned, China and Russia share both similarities and dissimilarities. The similarities between the two countries’ political cultures include statolatry, collectivism and moral supremacy, which have caused the two countries to share some identical characteristics and issues in the process of transformation. However, their respective relationship with Western culture and the different impacts made by religion on social structure constitute the major differences in the two countries’ political cultures. The former has directly influenced the two countries in their selection of reform models, while the latter will exert a far\|reaching impact on the two countries’ efforts to enhance soft power and to further social transformation. This article suggests that in the new historical period, due to the similarities and dissimilarities in their traditional political cultures, both China and Russia should face and take advantage of certain innate elements in their respective traditional political culture, and at the same time take into consideration their own unique social structure, to establish a social system of core values, so as to promote social transformation to a higher and more profound level.