Lenin’s last three letters and five articles formed a special group of texts, which contained his final conception about the backward Russia's special road to socialism and the construction of socialism. Its center was to put forward his idea about thesystematic reform with the trinity of economy, politics and culture. In Excerpts from Lenin’s Diary (《日记摘录》), he put forward a program of “Cultural Revolution” to fundamentally change the backward situation of Russian culture.In On the Cooperatives(《论合作社》), he proposed that after taking the road to adopt the new “market-based” economic policy, they should lead millions of small farmers onto the road of socialist construction by means of the cooperative system. It can be said that this “Lenin model” of cooperative socialism was different from the later Soviet model. The focus of Lenin’s final conception was included in his three letters and two articles entitled How Shall We Reorganize the Workers’ and Peasants’ Supervisory Institute?(《我们怎样改组工农检察院》) and Less but Better (《宁肯少些,但要好些》). In these texts, he put forward his conception about the reform of the political system, the Party’s system and the state system, which were integrated with his approach to the new economic policy. Its center was to combine the strengthening of the Party’s leadership with the people’s supervisory system so as to build a new great wall against bureaucratic corruption. We can find out that the important sources of reform and opening up, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and especially the comprehensive deepening reform in the history of Marxist-Leninist ideology are all from Lenin’s final conception. Looking at China’s reform and opening up, and especially looking at the process of the institutional innovation from the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013 to the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in 2019, we are even more pleased to find out that Lenin’s final conception has been developed in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.